When it was first published in 1980, the universally known as embodied a radical new method for identifying psychiatric illness. Kirk and Kutchins challenge the general understanding about the research data and the process that led to the peer acceptance of Their original and controversial reconstruction of that moment concentrates on how a small group of researchers interpreted their findings about a specific problempsychiatric reliabilityto promote their beliefs about mental illness and to challenge the then-dominant Freudian paradigm.