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2014
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$143.98, Jan 7 - Jan 14 $164.92, Jan 16 - Feb 3 $170.57, Feb 4 - Feb 7 $179.55, Feb 8 - Feb 12 $170.62, Feb 13 - Feb 14 $163.31, May 3 - May 12 $154.56, May 3 - May 4 $163.31, May 3 - May 12 $154.52, May 5 2:50 am $163.31, May 3 - May 12 $154.51, May 6 - May 7 $163.31, May 3 - May 12 $155.17, May 10 5:43 am $163.31, May 3 - May 12 $155.11, May 11 11:41 pm $165.28, May 13 - May 15 $155.05, May 14 12:44 am $165.28, May 13 - May 15 $155.03, May 15 9:04 am $309.75, May 16 - May 19 $154.95, May 18 9:00 pm $245.17, May 20 - May 31 $154.91, May 21 - May 22 $245.17, May 20 - May 31 $154.89, May 22 8:39 pm $245.17, May 20 - May 31 $154.81, May 25 - May 27 $245.17, May 20 - May 31 $154.73, May 29 5:02 pm $238.17, May 31 - Jun 4 $154.67, May 31 5:54 pm $238.17, May 31 - Jun 4 $154.61, Jun 2 6:22 pm $238.17, May 31 - Jun 4 $154.55, Jun 4 9:30 pm $165.17, Jun 7 - Jun 10 $154.47, Jun 7 4:15 am $165.17, Jun 7 - Jun 10 $154.41, Jun 9 8:04 am $165.18, Jun 10 - Jun 11 $154.35, Jun 11 - Jun 13 $165.18, Jun 13 12:00 am $154.20, Jun 13 - Jun 17 $164.91, Jun 16 12:52 am $154.20, Jun 13 - Jun 17 $164.67, Jun 18 7:37 am $154.66, Jun 18 - Jun 19 $165.21, Jun 20 - Jun 26 $155.25, Jun 20 - Jun 21 $165.21, Jun 20 - Jun 26 $154.89, Jun 22 - Jun 24 $165.21, Jun 20 - Jun 26 $155.23, Jun 25 - Jun 26 $154.01, Jun 29 3:37 am $154.00, Jun 29 - Jun 30 $154.00, Jun 29 - Jun 30 $154.00, Jun 29 - Jun 30 $151.79, Jul 3 2:03 am $151.49, Jul 3 2:03 am $169.14, Jul 5 - Jul 11 $154.89, Jul 5 - Jul 10 $169.14, Jul 5 - Jul 11 $155.06, Jul 11 - Jul 16 $176.39, Jul 12 - Jul 16 $155.06, Jul 11 - Jul 16 $176.36, Jul 18 - Jul 23 $176.35, Jul 18 - Jul 23 $176.34, Jul 24 - Jul 29 $176.33, Jul 24 - Jul 29 $176.19, Jul 29 10:08 pm $176.17, Jul 29 10:08 pm $175.67, Jul 31 5:18 pm $175.64, Jul 31 5:18 pm $174.60, Aug 2 12:36 pm $174.56, Aug 2 12:36 pm $172.72, Aug 5 3:12 am $172.65, Aug 5 3:12 am $171.53, Aug 7 8:03 am $171.51, Aug 7 8:03 am $172.57, Aug 9 10:07 am $172.57, Aug 9 10:07 am $172.27, Aug 11 9:16 am $172.26, Aug 11 - Aug 12 $172.27, Aug 13 7:07 am $172.27, Aug 13 7:07 am $172.45, Aug 16 3:05 am $172.41, Aug 16 3:05 am $171.95, Aug 18 6:10 am $171.89, Aug 18 6:10 am $171.47, Aug 20 1:23 pm $171.43, Aug 20 1:23 pm $170.98, Aug 22 12:25 pm $170.96, Aug 22 12:25 pm $170.41, Aug 24 3:12 pm $170.41, Aug 24 3:12 pm $170.32, Aug 26 - Aug 27 $170.31, Aug 26 5:40 pm $170.33, Aug 28 10:35 pm $170.31, Aug 28 10:35 pm $170.53, Aug 31 6:43 am $170.51, Aug 31 6:43 am $170.49, Sep 2 2:09 pm $170.47, Sep 2 2:09 pm $378.67, Sep 4 10:59 pm $154.67, Sep 4 10:59 pm $357.13, Sep 7 - Sep 9 $357.12, Sep 7 7:58 am $357.13, Sep 7 - Sep 9 $357.08, Sep 9 4:52 pm $212.12, Sep 12 1:30 am $212.11, Sep 12 1:30 am $302.93, Sep 14 3:30 am $247.09, Sep 14 3:30 am $280.83, Sep 16 5:37 am $279.40, Sep 16 5:37 am $280.81, Sep 18 7:51 am $279.39, Sep 18 7:51 am $280.77, Sep 20 9:05 am $279.40, Sep 20 9:05 am $280.71, Sep 22 4:47 pm $279.37, Sep 22 4:47 pm $262.51, Sep 24 9:14 pm $262.50, Sep 24 9:14 pm $260.55, Sep 27 12:02 am $259.11, Sep 27 12:02 am $259.68, Oct 1 1:56 am $258.26, Oct 1 1:56 am $257.81, Oct 3 5:22 am $256.36, Oct 3 5:22 am $256.42, Oct 5 7:08 am $254.98, Oct 5 7:08 am $203.97, Oct 7 9:04 am $200.62, Oct 7 9:04 am $207.25, Oct 9 11:30 am $206.06, Oct 9 11:30 am $257.17, Oct 11 1:35 pm $193.26, Oct 11 1:35 pm $207.63, Oct 13 4:19 pm $205.74, Oct 13 4:19 pm $207.43, Oct 15 8:02 pm $206.99, Oct 15 8:02 pm $243.34, Oct 17 11:41 pm $243.31, Oct 17 11:41 pm $243.32, Oct 20 4:27 am $243.29, Oct 20 4:27 am $243.33, Oct 22 9:46 am $243.27, Oct 22 9:46 am $243.23, Oct 27 12:16 am $243.19, Oct 27 12:16 am $243.22, Nov 1 5:08 am $243.15, Nov 1 5:08 am $243.17, Nov 8 3:10 am $243.09, Nov 8 3:10 am $242.98, Nov 13 10:08 am $242.97, Nov 13 10:08 am $242.86, Nov 17 8:26 am $242.85, Nov 17 8:26 am $242.82, Nov 20 12:40 am $242.81, Nov 20 12:40 am $242.78, Nov 22 - Nov 24 $242.71, Nov 22 2:43 am $242.78, Nov 22 - Nov 24 $242.64, Nov 24 2:18 am $242.76, Nov 26 3:06 am $242.51, Nov 26 3:06 am $242.72, Nov 28 12:40 am $242.36, Nov 28 12:40 am $242.70, Nov 29 - Dec 1 $242.21, Nov 29 11:44 pm $242.70, Nov 29 - Dec 1 $242.05, Dec 1 11:14 pm $241.96, Dec 3 9:18 pm $241.95, Dec 3 9:18 pm $240.76, Dec 5 7:27 pm $195.62, Dec 5 - Dec 25 $197.15, Dec 9 8:24 pm $195.62, Dec 5 - Dec 25 $197.14, Dec 11 - Dec 15 $195.62, Dec 5 - Dec 25 $198.89, Dec 17 7:56 pm $195.62, Dec 5 - Dec 25 $218.70, Dec 22 9:48 am $195.62, Dec 5 - Dec 25 $217.97, Dec 24 12:03 pm $195.62, Dec 5 - Dec 25 $242.93, Dec 26 1:49 pm $218.10, Dec 26 1:49 pm $241.83, Dec 28 4:51 pm $218.22, Dec 28 4:51 pm $242.09, Dec 31 10:14 am $218.18, Dec 31 10:14 am $241.31, Jan 2 4:19 am $218.13, Jan 2 4:19 am $243.05, Jan 4 9:51 pm $218.07, Jan 4 9:51 pm $242.20, Jan 7 2:08 am $218.04, Jan 5 - Jan 7 $242.48, Jan 9 5:09 am $217.99, Jan 8 - Jan 9 $242.79, Jan 10 8:56 am $217.97, Jan 10 8:56 am $241.90, Jan 13 12:19 am $217.91, Jan 11 - Jan 13 $241.32, Jan 14 6:44 pm $217.84, Jan 14 6:44 pm $240.86, Jan 16 11:26 am $217.79, Jan 16 11:26 am $239.71, Jan 19 7:10 pm $217.68, Jan 19 7:10 pm $239.25, Jan 21 9:41 am $217.64, Jan 21 9:41 am $238.15, Jan 24 3:19 pm $217.46, Jan 24 3:19 pm $237.81, Jan 26 7:32 am $217.28, Jan 26 7:32 am $235.99, Jan 28 1:20 am $217.07, Jan 28 1:20 am $233.61, Jan 29 6:09 pm $216.62, Jan 29 6:09 pm $229.59, Feb 2 8:05 am $215.51, Feb 2 8:05 am $228.25, Feb 4 2:55 am $214.99, Feb 4 2:55 am $227.76, Feb 5 8:36 pm $214.55, Feb 5 8:36 pm $227.31, Feb 7 3:16 pm $214.15, Feb 7 3:16 pm $226.84, Feb 9 10:36 am $213.73, Feb 9 10:36 am $225.92, Feb 13 1:37 am $212.80, Feb 13 1:37 am $225.41, Feb 14 9:45 pm $212.08, Feb 14 9:45 pm $224.87, Feb 16 9:56 pm $211.47, Feb 16 9:56 pm $224.36, Feb 18 6:11 pm $211.13, Feb 18 6:11 pm $223.85, Feb 20 3:36 pm $210.67, Feb 20 3:36 pm $223.42, Feb 22 1:46 pm $210.31, Feb 22 1:46 pm $222.95, Feb 24 11:46 am $209.86, Feb 24 11:46 am $221.94, Feb 28 6:56 am $208.92, Feb 28 6:56 am $221.12, Mar 3 12:19 am $208.29, Mar 3 12:19 am $220.07, Mar 6 8:26 pm $207.50, Mar 6 8:26 pm $219.52, Mar 8 7:24 pm $207.04, Mar 8 7:24 pm $218.90, Mar 11 3:01 am $206.54, Mar 11 3:01 am $218.29, Mar 13 8:58 am $205.99, Mar 13 8:58 am $217.90, Mar 15 7:40 pm $205.47, Mar 15 7:40 pm $217.68, Mar 18 8:35 am $205.24, Mar 18 8:35 am $217.40, Mar 20 6:00 pm $204.91, Mar 20 6:00 pm $216.90, Mar 23 3:03 am $204.28, Mar 23 3:03 am $216.44, Mar 25 9:31 am $203.62, Mar 25 9:31 am $215.96, Mar 27 4:46 pm $202.98, Mar 27 4:46 pm $215.46, Mar 30 2:30 am $202.39, Mar 30 2:30 am $214.96, Apr 1 12:38 pm $201.97, Apr 1 12:38 pm $213.75, Apr 4 4:49 am $201.24, Apr 4 4:49 am $210.23, Apr 6 8:03 pm $210.01, Apr 6 8:03 pm $206.95, Apr 9 1:01 pm $206.69, Apr 9 1:01 pm $204.34, Apr 12 9:45 am $204.33, Apr 12 9:45 am $201.07, Apr 15 6:55 am $200.83, Apr 15 6:55 am $198.07, Apr 17 7:34 pm $197.83, Apr 17 7:34 pm $194.57, Apr 20 9:29 am $194.33, Apr 20 9:29 am $192.32, Apr 23 3:59 am $191.83, Apr 23 3:59 am $188.07, Apr 26 4:03 am $187.83, Apr 26 4:03 am $184.57, Apr 29 3:32 am $184.33, Apr 29 3:32 am $181.07, May 1 10:09 pm $180.83, May 1 10:09 pm $236.98, May 4 12:31 pm $193.58, May 4 - May 18 $236.32, May 7 4:41 pm $193.58, May 4 - May 18 $235.53, May 11 9:59 am $193.58, May 4 - May 18 $243.08, May 14 3:47 pm $193.58, May 4 - May 18 $193.58, May 4 - May 18 $193.57, May 18 8:01 pm $203.89, May 23 12:12 am $203.87, May 23 12:12 am $235.50, May 27 7:57 am $203.59, May 27 7:57 am $234.52, May 31 10:00 pm $234.51, May 31 10:00 pm $233.66, Jun 5 1:13 pm $233.31, Jun 5 1:13 pm $232.86, Jun 9 6:56 pm $232.38, Jun 9 6:56 pm $232.22, Jun 13 4:48 pm $231.69, Jun 13 4:48 pm $231.68, Jun 17 9:29 am $230.85, Jun 17 9:29 am $203.89, Jun 21 - Jun 29 $203.88, Jun 21 - Jun 29 $241.93, Jul 3 5:59 am $241.93, Jul 3 5:59 am $241.16, Jul 7 11:46 am $240.79, Jul 7 11:46 am $238.73, Jul 12 9:58 pm $238.53, Jul 12 9:58 pm $232.80, Jul 16 2:18 pm $231.33, Jul 16 2:18 pm $230.32, Jul 20 3:29 am $228.76, Jul 20 3:29 am $229.47, Jul 23 4:17 pm $227.98, Jul 23 4:17 pm $202.38, Jul 27 6:05 am $202.37, Jul 27 6:05 am $199.81, Jul 30 8:18 pm $199.57, Jul 30 8:18 pm $197.52, Aug 3 9:55 am $197.46, Aug 3 9:55 am $197.47, Aug 7 1:21 am $197.22, Aug 7 1:21 am $167.23, Aug 10 - Sep 2 $167.05, Aug 10 9:34 pm $167.23, Aug 10 - Sep 2 $167.22, Aug 14 - Sep 2 $238.65, Sep 6 8:12 am $238.52, Sep 6 8:12 am $238.26, Sep 10 6:34 am $237.53, Sep 10 6:34 am $238.02, Sep 14 3:05 am $236.96, Sep 14 3:05 am $237.46, Sep 18 12:09 am $236.36, Sep 18 12:09 am $167.23, Sep 21 - Oct 19 $167.22, Sep 21 - Oct 3 $167.23, Sep 21 - Oct 19 $166.91, Oct 7 10:45 pm $167.23, Sep 21 - Oct 19 $166.66, Oct 12 12:58 am $167.23, Sep 21 - Oct 19 $167.22, Oct 15 - Oct 19 $242.99, Oct 23 5:25 pm $242.90, Oct 23 5:25 pm $242.09, Oct 27 3:27 pm $242.07, Oct 27 3:27 pm $241.94, Oct 29 3:35 pm $241.68, Oct 29 3:35 pm $241.08, Nov 2 3:02 pm $125.14, Nov 2 - Nov 6 $237.12, Nov 6 6:14 pm $125.14, Nov 2 - Nov 6 $234.44, Nov 10 8:42 pm $189.47, Nov 10 8:42 pm $234.01, Nov 14 10:32 pm $234.00, Nov 14 10:32 pm $233.04, Nov 19 7:25 am $233.04, Nov 19 7:25 am $231.96, Nov 23 5:02 pm $231.96, Nov 23 5:02 pm $230.81, Nov 28 8:02 am $230.80, Nov 28 8:02 am $229.72, Dec 3 4:57 am $229.70, Dec 3 4:57 am $228.74, Dec 8 2:40 am $154.55, Dec 8 2:40 am $227.50, Dec 13 4:52 am $227.01, Dec 13 4:52 am $227.76, Dec 18 7:44 am $227.75, Dec 18 7:44 am $227.72, Dec 23 4:22 am $227.71, Dec 23 4:22 am $227.68, Dec 28 8:27 am $227.67, Dec 28 8:27 am $227.64, Jan 2 3:26 am $227.63, Jan 2 3:26 am $227.58, Jan 7 12:23 am $227.57, Jan 7 12:23 am $227.25, Jan 11 10:40 pm $227.24, Jan 11 10:40 pm $226.77, Jan 16 9:37 pm $226.77, Jan 16 9:37 pm $226.17, Jan 21 10:15 pm $226.15, Jan 21 10:15 pm $223.95, Jan 27 12:31 am $223.90, Jan 27 12:31 am $225.62, Jan 31 11:16 pm $223.86, Jan 31 11:16 pm $229.34, Feb 6 2:38 am $229.15, Feb 6 2:38 am $228.75, Feb 11 5:16 am $228.63, Feb 11 5:16 am $228.26, Feb 16 1:36 pm $228.03, Feb 16 1:36 pm $227.68, Feb 22 1:48 am $227.62, Feb 22 1:48 am $227.07, Feb 27 10:42 am $227.07, Feb 27 10:42 am $226.22, Mar 10 8:41 am $226.19, Mar 10 8:41 am $228.86, Mar 22 6:21 am $228.85, Mar 22 6:21 am $225.90, Apr 2 6:42 pm $225.89, Apr 2 6:42 pm $224.87, Apr 14 9:13 am $224.85, Apr 14 9:13 am
117,110 4,134,169
5,859,375
1,953,125
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Price Details
New
Last Seen
$170.62 Feb 14, '14
Highest
$179.55 Feb 8, '14
Lowest
$143.98 Jan 7, '14
Average
$163.33 (Overall average)
Added
Jan 7, 2014
3rd Party New
Last Seen
$224.85 Apr 14, '16
Highest
$378.67 Sep 4, '14
Lowest
$151.49 Jul 3, '14
Average
$227.37 (30d avg) $227.01 (90d avg) $227.26 (180d avg) $214.52 (365d avg) $211.65 (Lifetime average)
Added
Jan 7, 2014
3rd Party Used
Last Seen
$224.87 Apr 14, '16
Highest
$357.12 Sep 7, '14
Lowest
$125.14 Nov 2, '15
Average
$227.36 (30d avg) $226.94 (90d avg) $218.87 (180d avg) $211.60 (365d avg) $211.01 (Lifetime average)
Added
Jan 7, 2014
Sales Rank
30 day average: 4,124,022 90 day average: 4,070,253
Product Description
Over the course of the last century it has become clear that both elementary particle physics and relativity theories are based on the notion of symmetries. These symmetries become manifest in that the "laws of nature" are invariant under spacetime transformations and/or gauge transformations. The consequences of these symmetries were analyzed as early as in 1918 by Emmy Noether on the level of action functionals. Her work did not receive due recognition for nearly half a century, but can today be understood as a recurring theme in classical mechanics, electrodynamics and special relativity, Yang-Mills type quantum field theories, and in general relativity. As a matter of fact, as shown in this monograph, many aspects of physics can be derived solely from symmetry considerations. This substantiates the statement of E.P.Wigner "... if we knew all the laws of nature, or the ultimate Law of nature, the invariance properties of these laws would not furnish us new information." Thanks to Wigner we now also understand the implications of quantum physics and symmetry considerations: Poincare invariance dictates both the characteristic properties of particles (mass, spin, ...) and the wave equations of spin 0, 1/2, 1, ... objects. Further, the work of C.N.Yang and R.Mills reveals the consequences of internal symmetries as exemplified in the symmetry group of elementary particle physics.Given this pivotal role of symmetries it is thus not surprising that current research in fundamental physics is to a great degree motivated and inspired by considerations of symmetry.The treatment of symmetries in this monograph ranges from classical physics to now well-established theories of fundamental interactions, to the latest research on unified theories and quantum gravity.
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