In 1902, elegant Vienna is the city of the new century, the center of discoveries in everything from the writing of music to the workings of the human mind. But now a brutal homicide has stunned its citizens and appears to have bridged the gap between science and the supernatural. Two very different sleuths from opposite ends of the spectrum will need to combine their talents to solve the boggling crime: Detective Oskar Rheinhardt, who is on the cutting edge of modern police work, and his friend Dr. Max Liebermann, a follower of Sigmund Freud and a pioneer on new frontiers of psychology. As a team they must use both hard evidence and intuitive analysis to solve a mediums mysterious murderone that couldnt have been committed by anyone alive.

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THE MORTALIS DOSSIER- PSYCHOLOGICAL THRILLERS: THE CURIOUS CASE OF PROFESSOR SIGMUND F. AND DETECTIVE FICTION

Summertimethe Austrian Alps: A middle-aged doctor, wishing

to forget medicine, turns off the beaten track and begins a strenuous

climb. When he reaches the summit, he sits and contemplates the distant

prospect. Suddenly he hears a voice.

Are you a doctor?

He is not alone. At first, he cant believe that hes being addressed.

He turns and sees a sulky-looking eighteen-year-old. He recognizes

her (she served him his meal the previous evening). Yes, he replies.

Im a doctor. How did you know that?

She tells him that her nerves are bad, that she needs help.

S ometimes she feels like she cant breathe, and theres a hammering in

her head. And sometimes something very disturbing happens. She sees

thingsincluding a face that fills her with horror. . . .

Well, do you want to know what happens next? Id be surprised if

you didnt.

We have here all the ingredients of an engaging thriller: an isolated

setting, a strange meeting, and a disconcerting confession.

So where does this particular opening scene come from? A littleknown

work by one of the queens of crime fiction? A lost reel of an

early Hitchcock film, perhaps? Neither. It is in fact a faithful summary

of the first few pages of by Sigmund Freud, also known as

case study number four in his co-authored with Josef

Breuer and published in 1895.

It is generally agreed that the detective thriller is a nineteenthcentury

invention, perfected by the holy trinity of Collins, Poe, and

(most importantly) Conan Doyle; however, the genre would have

been quite different had it not been for the oblique influence of psychoanalysis.

The psychological thriller often pays close attention to

personal historychildhood experiences, relationships, and significant

life eventsin fact, the very same things that any self-respecting

therapist would want to know about. These days its almost impossible

to think of the term thriller without mentally inserting the prefix

psychological.

So how did this happen? How did Freuds work come to influence

the development of an entire literary genre? The answer is quite simple.

He had some helpand that help came from the American film

industry.

Now it has to be said that Freud didnt like America. After visiting

America, he wrote: I am very glad I am away from it, and even more

that I dont have to live there. He believed that American food had

given him a gastrointestinal illness, and that his short stay in America

had caused his handwriting to deteriorate. His anti-American sentiments

finally culminated with his famous remark that he considered

America to be a gigantic mistake.

Be that as it may, although Freud didnt like America, America

liked Freud. In fact, America him. And nowhere in America was

Freud more loved than in Hollywood.

The special relationship between the film industry and psychoanalysis

began in the 1930s, when many migr analystsfleeing

from the Nazissettled on the West Coast. Entering analysis became

very fashionable among the studio elite, and Hollywood soon

acquired the sobriquet couch canyon. Dr. Ralph Greenson, for

examplea well-known Hollywood analysthad a patient list that

included the likes of Marilyn Monroe, Frank Sinatra, Tony Curtis,

and Vivien Leigh. And among the many Hollywood directors who

succumbed to Freuds influence was Alfred Hitchcock, whose thrillers

were much more psychological than any that had been filmed before.

In one of his films Freud actually makes an appearancewell, more or

less. I am thinking here of released in 1945, and based on

Francis Beedingss crime novel

T he producer of David O. Selznick, was himself in

psychoanalysisas were most of his familyand so enthusiastic was

he about Freuds ideas that he recruited his own analyst to help him

vet the script. Hitchcocks film has everything we expect from a psychological

thriller: a clinical setting, a murder, a man who has lost his

memory, a dream sequence, and a sinewy plot that twists and turns

toward a dramatic climax. That this film owes a large debt to psychoanalysis

is made absolutely clear when a character appears who isin

all but nameSigmund Freud: a wise old doctor with a beard, glasses,

and a fantastically hammy Viennese accent.

Since Hitchcocks time, authors and screenwriters have had much

fun playing with the resonances that exist between psychoanalysis and

detection. This kind of writing reached its apotheosis in 1975 with the

publication of Nicholas Meyers a novel in

which Freud and Sherlock Holmes are brought together to solve the

same case.

The relationship between psychoanalysis and detection was not

lost on Freud. In his for example, there is a passage

in which he stresses how both the detective and the psychoanalyst depend

on accumulating piecemeal evidence that usually arrives in the

form of small and apparently inconsequential clues.

the murderer

wrote Freud notes that the institute director

not being conversant with psychoanalysiswas happy to overlook

such a telling error.

In a little-known paper called

Freud is even more confident that psychoanalytic

techniques might be used in the service of detection. He writes:

In both [psychoanalysis and law] we are concerned with a

secret, with something hidden. . . . In the case of the criminal it

is a secret which he knows he hides from you, but in the case of

the hysteric it is a secret hidden from himself. . . . The task of

the therapeutist is, however, the same as the task of the judge;

he must discover the hidden psychic material. To do this we

have invented various methods of detection, some of which

lawyers are now going to imitate.

It is interesting that criminology and forensic science emerged at exactly

the same time as psychoanalysis. In 1893, Professor Hans Gross

(also Viennese) published the first handbook of criminal investigation,

a manual for detectives. It was the same year that Freud published

(with Josef Breuer) his first work on psychoanalysis: a Preliminary

Communication,

Freud, largely via Hollywood, wielded an extraordinary influence

on detective fiction. But to what extent is the reverse true?

We know that Freud was very widely readand that he had

and Vivien Leigh. And among the many Hollywood directors who

succumbed to Freuds influence was Alfred Hitchcock, whose thrillers

were much more psychological than any that had been filmed before.

In one of his films Freud actually makes an appearancewell, more or

less. I am thinking here of released in 1945, and based on

Francis Beedingss crime novel

The producer of David O. Selznick, was himself in

psychoanalysisas were most of his familyand so enthusiastic was

he about Freuds ideas that he recruited his own analyst to help him

vet the script. Hitchcocks film has everything we expect from a psychological

thriller: a clinical setting, a murder, a man who has lost his

memory, a dream sequence, and a sinewy plot that twists and turns

toward a dramatic climax. That this film owes a large debt to psychoanalysis

is made absolutely clear when a character appears who isin

all but nameSigmund Freud: a wise old doctor with a beard, glasses,

and a fantastically hammy Viennese accent.

Since Hitchcocks time, authors and screenwriters have had much

fun playing with the resonances that exist between psychoanalysis and

detection. This kind of writing reached its apotheosis in 1975 with the

publication of Nicholas Meyers a novel in

which Freud and Sherlock Holmes are brought together to solve the

same case.

The relationship between psychoanalysis and detection was not

lost on Freud. In his for example, there is a passage

in which he stresses how both the detective and the psychoanalyst depend

on accumulating piecemeal evidence that usually arrives in the

form of small and apparently inconsequential clues.

If you were a detective engaged in tracing a murder, would

you expect to find that the murderer had left his photograph

behind at the place of the crime, with his address attached? Or

would you not necessarily have to be satisfied with comparatively

slight and obscure traces of the person you were in

search of? So do not let us underestimate small indications; by

their help we may succeed in getting on the track of something

bigger.

Later in the same series of lectures, Freud blurs the boundary between

psychoanalysis and detection even further. He goes beyond pointing

out that psychoanalysis and detection are similar enterprises and suggests

that psychoanalytic techniques might actually be used to aid detection.

Freud describes the case of a real murderer who acquired highly

dangerous pathogenic organisms from scientific institutes by pretending

to be a bacteriologist. The murderer then used these stolen cultures

to fatally infect his victims. On one occasion, he audaciously wrote a

letter to the director of one of these scientific institutes, complaining

that the cultures he had been given were ineffective. But the letter

contained a Freudian slipan unconsciously performed blunder.

Instead of writing the murderer

wrote Freud notes that the institute director

not being conversant with psychoanalysis was happy to overlook

such a telling error.

In a little-known paper called

Freud is even more confident that psychoanalytic

techniques might be used in the service of detection. He writes:

In both [psychoanalysis and law] we are concerned with a

secret, with something hidden. . . . In the case of the criminal it

is a secret which he knows he hides from you, but in the case of

the hysteric it is a secret hidden from himself. . . . The task of

the therapeutist is, however, the same as the task of the judge;

he must discover the hidden psychic material. To do this we

have invented various methods of detection, some of which

lawyers are now going to imitate.

It is interesting that criminology and forensic science emerged at exactly

the same time as psychoanalysis. In 1893, Professor Hans Gross

(also Viennese) published the first handbook of criminal investigation,

a manual for detectives. It was the same year that Freud published

(with Josef Breuer) his first work on psychoanalysis: a Preliminary

Communication,

Freud, largely via Hollywood, wielded an extraordinary influence

on detective fiction. But to what extent is the reverse true?

We know that Freud was very widely readand that he had

lished a memoir in 1971, which contains a very interesting aside. The

two men had been discussing literature, and Freud had expressed his

admiration for several writers, most of them acknowledged masters

and writers of the first magnitude, such as Dostoevsky. However, by

the Wolfmans reckoning at least, a lesser talent seemed to have gatecrashed

Freuds literary pantheon.

Once we happened to speak of Conan Doyle and his creation,

Sherlock Holmes. I had thought that Freud would have

no use for this type of light reading matter, and was surprised to

find that this was not at all the case and that Freud had read

this author attentively. The fact that circumstantial evidence

is useful in psychoanalysis when reconstructing a childhood

history may explain Freuds interest in this type of literature.

The Wolfmans final observation is clearly correct. Crimes are like

symptoms, and the psychoanalyst and detective are similar creatures.

Both scrutinize circumstantial evidence, both reconstruct histories,

and both seek to establish an ultimate cause.

If we broaden our definition of what might legitimately be called

detective fiction and permit ourselves to consider works written even

before Hoffmann s then we encounter a story

that, without doubt, exerted a profound influence on Freud and the

development of psychoanalysis. It is a story that British writer Christopher

Booker has called the greatest whodunit in all literature. It is

one of the earliest stories of murder and detection ever recorded and

has a twist in the tale that still has the power to shock: by

Sophocles.

When we meet Oedipus, there is a curse on his country. He is told

that this curse will not be lifted until he has discovered the identity of

the man who murdered his predecessor: King Laius, the former husband of Oedipuss new wife, Jocasta. Oedipus follows clue after clue until his investigation leads him inexorably to a terrible conclusion.

It was he, Oedipus, who killed the king. Laius was his father and

Oedipus is now married to his own mother.

This classic tragedy is also an ancient detective story and gave its

name to the cornerstone of psychoanalytic theorythe much mooted

(and even more misunderstood) Oedipus complexa group of largely

unconscious ideas and feelings concerning wishes to possess the parent

of the opposite sex and eliminate the parent of the same sex.

I think there is something very satisfying about the relationship

between psychoanalysis and detective fiction. Freud influenced the

course of detective fiction, but by the same token, detective fiction (in

its broadest possible sense) also influenced Freud. And at a deeper

level, psychoanalysisa process that resembles detective work

discovers a whodunit buried in the depths of every human psyche.

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